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A ''langue'' or "tongue" was the major administrative division of the Knights Hospitaller or Order of St. John of Jerusalem. The term referred to a rough ethno-linguistic division of the geographical distribution of the order's members and possessions; The Gallo-Romance sphere was divided into Auvergne, France and Provence. The Ibero-Romance areal was designated an "Aragonese" langue, in 1462 split into Aragonese and "Castilian", the latter comprising the priories of Castille, Léon and Portugal. The Italo-Romance areal was given its own Italian langue. Germanic Europe was divided into a "German" langue on one hand (including all of the Holy Roman Empire, including its Slavic-speaking parts, as well as Scandinavia, Hungary and Poland), while the British Isles was designated a separate "English" langue. After the order's breakup following the Protestant Reformation, some of the langues were re-organised; specifically, the "English" langue was recreated as "Anglo-Bavaro-Polish" langue. For the purposes of structuring the order in its main seat in Rhodes (late medieval period) and later Malta (early modern period), the langues were designated individual ''Auberges''. For the purposes of administration of the order's possessions in Europe, the langues were divided into ''great priories'', some of which were further divided into ''priories'' or ''bailiwicks'', and at the lowest level into ''commandries'' dealing with regional or local administration. ==History== By the early fourteenth century, when the order moved to Rhodes, the knights were organised into eight ''langues'' or "tongues", based on language or geographical origin. The head of each langue was known as a ''pilier'' or ''bailiff''. The ''piliers'', together with the Knights Grand Cross, the bishop, the bailiffs of the convents and the prior of the Conventual Church, sat on the Grand Council of the order. Each ''pilier'' also had specific responsibilities within the order; that of France was the Hospitaller, that of Italy was the Admiral. 〔Ernle Bradford (2002 ()). ''The Shield and the Sword''. London: Penguin.〕 Each langue was housed in its own headquarters or auberge, in Rhodes, then in Birgu (Vittoriosa), Malta, and then, from the 1570s, in the new city of Valletta. Each langue has a chapel in the Co-Cathedral of St. John in Valletta.〔(The Chapels ). St John's Co-Cathedral. Accessed February 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Langue (Knights Hospitaller)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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